A high-efficiency plug-and-play superconducting qubit network

Modular architectures are a promising approach to scale quantum devices to the point of fault tolerance and utility [1–3]. Modularity is particularly appealing for superconducting qubits, as monolithically manufactured devices are limited in both system size and quality [4–6]. Constructing complex quantum systems as networks of interchangeable modules can overcome this challenge through ‘Lego-like’ assembly, reconfiguration, and expansion, in a spirit similar to modern classical computers. First prototypical superconducting quantum device networks have been demonstrated [7–18]. Interfaces that simultaneously permit interchangeability and high-fidelity operations remain a crucial challenge, however. Here, we demonstrate a high-efficiency interconnect based on a detachable cable between superconducting qubit devices. We overcome the inevitable loss in a detachable connection through a fast pump scheme, enabling inter-module SWAP efficiencies at the 99%-level in less than 100 ns. We use this scheme to generate high-fidelity entanglement and operate a distributed logical dual-rail qubit. At the observed ∼1% error rate, operations through the interconnect are at the threshold for fault-tolerance. These results introduce a modular architecture for scaling quantum processors with reconfigurable and expandable networks.